Universidad Nacional de Loja
PORTFOLIO
APA style 6th edition
APA is one of many referencing styles used in academic writing. APA stands for American Psychological Association. The Association outlines the style in the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association [APA] (6th ed.). UCOL programmes utilise the APA referencing style. There are many different referencing styles (over 100). It is essential to follow the style specified in your assignments and not to mix styles.
Uniform style helps us to cull articles quickly for key points and findings. Rules of style in scientific writing encourage full disclosure of essential information and allo us to dispense with minor distractions. Style helps us express the key elements of quantitative results, choose the graphic form that will best suit our analyses, report critical details of our research protocol, and describe individuals with accuracy and respect. It removes the distraction of puzzling over the correct punctuation for a reference or the proper form for numbers in text. Those elements are codified in the rules we follow for clear communication, allowing us to focus our intellectual energy on the substance of our research.(2015)
One Work by One Author
The author—date method of citation requires that the surname of the author (do not include suffixes such as Jr.) and the year of publication be inserted in the text at the appropriate point:
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Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples
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Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler. 2003).
Examples:
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Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiological samples
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Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course (Kessler. 2003).
One Work by Two Authors
When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference
Examples:
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Water is a necessary part of every person’s diet and of all the nutrients a body needs to function, it requires more water each day than any other nutrient (Whitney & Rolfes, 2011).
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Whitney and Rolfes (2011) state the body requires many nutrients to function but highlight that water is of greater importance than any other nutrient.
One Work by Three Four and Five Authors
When a work has three, four five authors, cite all authors the first time the refer- ence occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author fol- lowed by at at. (not italicized and with a period after al) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph.
Examples:
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Water Kisangau, Lyaruu, Hosea, and Joseph (2007) found [Use as first citation in text.] Kisangau et ai. (2007) found [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter.] Kisangau et ai. found [Omit year from subsequent citations after first nonpar- enthetical citation within a paragraph. Include the year in subsequent citations if first citation within a paragraph is parenthetical. See section 6.11.]
Primary and secondary sources
Primary Sources
Using primary sources correctly is an important part of studying primary sources, for a number of reasons. It is an important and ethically necessary to provide full credit to the creators and publishers of documents, and to allow future scholars to find the source quickly and correctly. For example: Original' Authors Lastname, Initials.
(Publication Year for the traslated version you are using). Title of the work (Initials and last name of the traslator, Trans). Place of publication of the translation: Publisher of the translation. (Original work published Year if available)
Secondary Sources
Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Aliport's work is cited in Nicholson and you did not read Allport's work, list the Nicholson reference in the reference list. In the text, use the following citation: Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).